Analysis Of The Book Dark Souls - 1497 Words

Introduction Dark Souls is an awesome franchise and From Software is an amazing developer. I had a great time putting this together and reading all your comments. If you have any questions, feel free to PM me or just engage in the comments. I really like the Dark Souls community and I enjoy contributing. Summary and Results Earlier this week I posted threads in multiple subreddits linking to a google forms survey. I received over 4,000 responses, people ranging from 13 to 52 years old. We are mostly male. The median age is 22 and the average age is 23. The average total hours played is 591. The favorite game is Dark Souls 3, with Dark Souls 1 coming in second, followed by Bloodborne, then Dark Souls 2 then finally Demon’s Souls. The first Dark Souls is the majority of people’s introduction to these games. PCs are the preferred system to play on while Xbox is by far the least favorite. Your gender had little impact on which was your favorite game. However, women are 5% less likely than men to prefer Xbox, holding all other variables I tested for constant. This might explain why more women prefer Bloodborne and Demon’s Souls than men, as PlayStation players were much more likely to prefer those two games. Older players preferred Darks Souls 1 and Demon’s Souls while younger players preferred Bloodborne and Dark Souls 3. Additionally, younger players liked PCs while older players preferred a PlayStation. Your preferred gaming system impacted your preference for games. XboxShow MoreRelatedDantes Inferno Canto V Analysis Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesBarbara Leon Humanities 2 Canto V Analysis 10/06/05 Canto V Analysis SUMMARY Dante and Virgil have just left limbo, the first circle of hell, and are now on their way into the second circle of hell, where hell really begins. It is here that Dante first witnesses the punishment brought upon the sinners. They encounter Minos, the beast-judge who blocks the way into the second circle. 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Business Cycle Free Essays

Tanzania Business Cycle. Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. According to the United Nations’ data approximately 36% of the global population (43. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7 million people) lives below the poverty line. This signifies that the per capita income of Tanzania is relatively low. The Tanzanian economy depends highly on agriculture, which makes up 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), provides 85% of exports and employs about 80% of the labour force. The remaining 20% is employed either in tourism, construction, mining or the service sector. Although agriculture has boosted Tanzania’s economy, hurdles still exist due to the poor infrastructure of the country. However, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), together with private foreign companies are adopting measures to develop the country in order raise its GDP, and have a sustainable growth rate. (Roubin Global Economics 2012). The business cycle represents four phases that the economy of a country goes through over a period of time, moving away from it actual growth trend as suggested by Grant 2000. These include a) depression, b) recovery, c) boom and d) recession. The graph (1) in Appendix A shows, how a economy moves through the four stages, moving away from the actual growth trend. At each stage the economic activities and the total output produced by the economy fluctuate. In addition to that, at each stage the macro economic variables, which include inflation and unemployment, also fluctuate. The wealth of the country also fluctuates at each stage signifying that at each phase of the business cycle the level of consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports fluctuate. (Gant 2000). Below the graph represents Tanzania’s business cycle from 1960 to 2011. The graph represents the four phases of the business cycle according to Tanzania’s economy, also represents how the economy moves away from its actual growth trend. Graph 1: Bigsten and Danielsson(2011) This essay will firstly describe Tanzania’s progress through the four economic phases over the time frame of 1960-2011. Thereafter it will discuss how the various macro economic variables fluctuate during each stage. In particular, this essay will focus on the macro economic variables of unemployment, inflation, investment, output growth (including the components of aggregate demand and supply) and will also consider exports. Depression is the period that falls between recession and recovery. This is the period when the economy faces high rate of unemployment, negative net investment, low levels of exports and falling demand for consumer goods and services, as well as capital goods. (Grant 2000) This is the period when the output level falls over a period of time and the economy of the country is at the lowest level of growth. This implies that the aggregate demand for commodities produced will be relatively low. At this stage the economy will experience a negative growth rate, thus the country will not experience economic development. Instead the country will experience poverty as the circular flow of income in the economy is at a minimum. (Grant 2000) As shown in the graph above, according to the Tanzania economic business cycle, it shows that during the period of independence in 1960’s, the economy experienced a negative growth rate of -4. 2% and had a per capita income rate of 7. 1%. In addition to this the inflation rate was relatively high at 7. 8% as stated by Bigsten and Danielsson (2011). The situation in which the rate of inflation is relatively high and the country’s growth rate is negative is known as hyperinflation. Hyperinflation occurs when the economy highly depends on imports and the country’s currency has lost its value. (Investopedia 2012). This occurred because Tanzania had just been freed from the colonial British rule and, had been taken over by the father of the nation, J. K. Nyerere. The country therefore had to adopt various reform policies in order to boost the economy. (Bigsten and Daneelsson (2011)). By the early 1980’s Tanzania was heading to an economic crisis, due to the war between Uganda and Tanzania, which climaxed in1978. (EISA2010). During this period of warfare, Tanzania faced a reduction in its exports. In addition to this, there were low levels of investment and low levels of production, which decreased the consumption level in the economy. All these factors led to a fall in the aggregate demand and supply in Tanzania. The negative growth also caused the Tanzanian Shilling to depreciate by 25% in 1984, where the wages level decline, thus implying there was a high rate of unemployment, together with that the inflation rate was at 40%, as can be seen on the graph (2) in appendix A. (EISA 2010). According to Rutasita 2004, the high rate of inflation occurred due to the depreciation of the Tanzanian Shilling, which was brought about by the situation of hyperinflation as the currency lost it value. The effect of this on the country was vast as there was a great dependency on imported products that included oil. Tanzania therefore fell into deep economic crises mainly due to the oil price shock, the war between Uganda and Tanzania; fall in exports and the depreciation of the local currency. (Noni 2011) Recovery is the period between depression and boom. This is the period in an economy when reforms occur which tends to boost consumption levels, increase production, increase net investment, increase inflation rates and decrease unemployment rate. Overall, during recovery period the government implements various reform policies, in order to boost the economy and have a positive stable growth in terms of the GDP growth rate (Grant 2000). According to the Tanzanian growth cycle, Tanzania has adopted several reform policies, to allow the economy to have a stable growth rate that would eventually lead to its peak period. Soon after its independence from British rule, as suggested by Noni (2011), Tanzania established commercial banks in November 1970,with the main aim to facilitate investment by providing medium and long term loans, in order to boost up the economy of the country, through the industrial sector. Tanzania however, is said to have a growth rate of 4. 2% after 1986 through the reform policy on macro stability (Shanghai Poverty Conference). In addition to this, in order to reform the economy, the Tanzanian government adopted various policies to reduce the poverty level in the county. Between the 1994 and 2002, through the adaptation of the policy, the level of poverty reduced by 28%. The rate of inflation reduced from 30% during the 1980’s and early 1990’s to a single digit in the late 1990’s, as seen in the graph (2) on Appendix A. As suggested by Shanghai Poverty Conference, the introduction of various policies by Tanzania boosted the economy, as it created new investment, both private and foreign direct. The policy also created employment began to expand the economy. The reforms also improved the balance of payment, which stabled the exchange rate to allow the inflation rate to reduce to a single digit in 1999 being 7. 9%, as the economy was less dependent on the imported productions, and also because of the improvement in balance of payment the shillings gained value, thus stabilizing the economy to a certain level (Rutasitara 2004). This implies that overall production level to increase, which signifies that the aggregate demand for the products’ production would also increase, bring an overall increase in the consumption level. Thus the country has experienced a steady rate of economic growth over the time frame of 1962 to 1976, 1984 to 1995 and finally from 1998 to 2011. The fact that the country’s overall economy has been growing signifies a steady flow of money circulation in the Tanzanian economy. Boom is the period in the economy that comes after recovery and before recession. During this stage of the business cycle, goods and services are at high demand. Also there is a high import and export rate, the inflation rate is relatively high and employment is at the peak. This stage of the economy is when production is at its highest level and thus the expectation of profit is relatively high. (Grant 2000) Referring to the graph above, between the years 1960 and 2011, the Tanzanian economy has been recovering showing a significant growth overall in the economy. Tanzania experienced a significant growth rate in 1966 when the growth rate peaked to 12. 8% (ESED International). Thereafter, the economy has also peaked from the year 2000 to 2011, with an average growth rate of 6. 6%, over a period of 11 years. During this period the average inflation rate was 7. 25% (ESDE International). During this period Tanzania had found natural resources including gold and natural gases which has led to the development of its infrastructure. The industrial sector grew by 9. 2% in 2007, and was estimated to grow by 10% in year 2008, as suggested by Campbell and Christie (2010). Tanzania also showed a great improvement in 2010, performing well in foreign exchange reserves tourism sector. The country has collected $3. 7 billion reserves by September 2012 (The Citizen 2010). Furthermore, the country has taken various measures to improve its growth, as stated by Business Development Gateway (2012). For example, in the year 2010, there had been more development under private sectors, which benefit the investors, and allow investment to occur in the country, which would bring about employment opportunities. Overall, since the beginning of the twenty-first century Tanzania has experienced a great improvement in terms of the GDP growth rate. (Campbell and Christie 2010) Recession is the period between boom and depression. This is the period when the economic growth slows down eventually attaining a constant level in the economy. This is the phase where the rate of unemployment would rise, while the rate inflation rate would decrease. During the recession period the economy is growing but at a low rate. (Grant 2000). According to the graph above, Tanzania’s economy faced a recession during the year 2008. This occurred due to the global financial crises of 2008 that originated from the United States of America caused a general fall in the level of output. This effected Tanzania’s economy as this caused fuel prices to increase, which led to an increase in price in all the sectors of Tanzania’s economy, causing poverty to increase. According to Ngowi (2010), the crises mainly affected the low income earns countries (such as Tanzania) as they are highly financially dependent on the developed nations. Furthermore, due to the financial crises, according to Ngowi (2010) the growth rate predicted by Tanzania reduced from 7. 8% to 7. 5%, in 2008. The investment level also decreased by 10%, together with the level of exports reduced by 44% in cotton industry, 30% in the tourism industry and 50% in the coffee industry. The reduction in all the main economic activities of the country caused the growth rate of the country to decrease. The average inflation rate over the period 2009 to 2011 was 8. 2% (ESDS International). Overall the consumption of in the economy reduced considerably. The financial crises of 2008 did effect the economy of Tanzania, but not at a vast level, as stated by Ngowi (2010). In conclusion this essay has discussed the four phases of a business cycle, showing how an economy of a country (Tanzania) moves through the four stages over a period of time. Overall, Tanzania’s economy has been stable since the country redeemed its independence from British rule However according to president Kikwete (2011), the government has come up with a 5-year government plan in order to ameliorate the country’s economy to a middle income country, with an average GDP growth rate of 8% for next 5 years and targeted growth rate of 10% from 2016 to 2025. Appendix A Graph 1 Graph 1: Google image, the business cycle. Graph 2 Graph 2: ESDS Data Change in inflation rate on27th July 2012. REFERENCE 1. Bigsten A. , Danielsson A. (1999) â€Å"Is Tanzania an emerging economy? A report for the OECD project†Emerging Africa†Ã¢â‚¬ . [Online]. Available at: http://www. investmentcompact. org/dataoecd/40/30/2674918. pdf [Accessed on: 12th July 2012]. 2. Business Development Gateway (2009) Your Gateway to Business success; Fanikiwa ki-Biashara. Available at: http://www. bdgtpsf. com/ [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 3. Christie T. , Campbell J. 2010) â€Å"Tanzania† [Online] Available at: http://fic. wharton. upenn. edu/fic/africa/Tanzania%20Final. pdf [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 4. ESED (2012) The CPI % Change. Available at: http://esds80. mcc. ac. uk/wds_ifs/TableViewer/tableView. aspx [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 5. EISA (2010) Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa: Tanzania: failure of Ujamaa (19 76 – 1986). Available at: http://www. eisa. org. za/WEP/tanoverview9. htm [Accessed on: 12th July 2012]. 6. Grant, S. J. (2000) Stanlake’s Introductory Economics. 7th edn. Harlow: Essex. 7. Google images (2012) The Business cycle. Available at: http://www. google. co. uk/imgres? q=the+business+cyclehl=ensa=Xtbm=ischprmd=imvnstbnid=jagFpjAAwB55EM:imgrefurl=http://monevator. com/investment-clocks/docid=J2v1d2NUFnqmMMimgurl=http://monevator. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/businesscycle_1. jpgw=515h=427ei=9uIBUPyBAqbC0QXX0uCIBwzoom=1biw=930bih=440 [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 8. Investopedia (2012)Hyper Inflation: Definition of Hyper inflation. Available at: http://www. investopedia. om/terms/h/hyperinflation. asp#axzz20XRP0LOi [Assessed: 12th July 2012] 9. Ngowi (2010) â€Å"The Current Global Economic Crisis and its impact in Tanzania†. African Journal of Business Management. 4(8) pp 1468 – 1476. [Online] Available at: http://www. academicjournals. org/AJBM/PDF/pdf2010/18July/Ngowi. pdf [Accessed on:12th July 2012] 10. Noni, P. (2011) â€Å"Implementing Successful Reforms and Transformations in DFIs: The Experience of Tanzania Investment Bank Limited†. Tanzania Investment Bank Limited. [Online] Available at: http://www. adfi-ci. org/news/Presentation_by_Mr_Noni_TIB. df [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 11. Roubin Global economics (2012 )Tanzania: Economic profile: Back ground. Available at: http://www. roubini. com/briefings/119199. php [Accessed on 12th July 2012]. 12. Rutasitara, L. (2004) â€Å"Exchange rate regimes and inflation in Tanzania†. Africa Economic Research consortium. Paper 138 pp. 1-23 [Online] Available at: http://dspace. cigilibrary. org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/32127/1/RP138. pdf? 1 [Accessed on: 12th July 2012]. 13. Shanghai Poverty Conference Tanzania’s Economic Reforms and Lessons Learned. Online] Available at: http://info. worldbank. org/etools/docs/reducingpoverty/case/31/summary/Tanzania%20Country%20Study%20Summary. pdf [Accessed on 12th July 2012]. 14. United Republic of Tanzania Presidents office planning Commission (2011). The Tanzania five years development plan 2011/201 2 – 2015/2016. Available at: http://www. tanzania. go. tz/pdf/FYDP-2012-02-02. pdf [Accessed on 12th July 2012] 15. The Citizen (2010) â€Å"Economy on Course after global recession†. [Online] Available at: http://thecitizen. co. tz/magazines/31-business-week/6759-economy-on-course-aft How to cite Business Cycle, Essay examples

Reflections On The Role Of Leadership In Managing †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reflections On The Role Of Leadership In Managing Organizational Change. Answer: My personal Managing Change Philosophy I have come to learn changemanagement with a positively biased perspective having not been a victim of a huge organizational change and solely experiencing people who were influenced by changing assuming control of their individual destinations by accepting willingly voluntary redundancy. I needed to study more regarding thechange management practices and theories with particular emphasis on leadership role in managing change as I little if not no experience in this field. Reflecting on the approaches and practices taught and learned in this module which buttress organizational change and the need for effective collaborative and shared leadership, my personalchange management philosophy hinges on the theory which acknowledges dominant pictures of managing change- Controlling (interpreter; director, and navigator); and Shaping (caretaker; coach; alongside nurturer). Different viewpoints aboutchange management stayed presented during the course of my change management learning experience that I decided whether to reject or accept. This remained a significant process in assisting me with my validation of my individual beliefs and has since impacted my personal change management philosophy. I recognize, through this paper, my personal experience working at Organization Y as a key influence on my viewpoint of change management. I have further derived motivation and inspiration from guest tutors that shared identical perceptions to my personal philosophy. The case study event has further been a core learning experience for me that affirmed the significance of leadership in change management process in producing the positive results for the organization via the encouragement and motivation of change management team and the organization staff as a whole to embrace change. From my personal experience as outlined in the case study section in this paper, successful inspiration and motivation of team stood significant in propelling effective change. Another fundamental influence source was module, Leadership, Coaching and Mentoring where I gathered all-inclusive feedback regarding myself to coat a Best Self-image of my leadership prospective. Such a replicated best self-image activity assisted me in the recognition of my ability to lead as well as mentor my change management team and to get most out of the team. I prefer shaping organizational change to accomplish intended results, with a priority toward coaching picture, stood the utmost efficient image for change management based on my subjective change management philosophy in the course of this duration. Such a viewpoint has remained reinforced over this session, however, I further come to assent that potential for embracing the director image exist to guarantee knowledge of results. I hold a belief that, in doing so, director calls for the balance of coach image to guarantee a lasting benefit for each stakeholder (Cummings and Worley 2014). My Managing Change Philosophy Influences During my entire course of managing change studies, a number of source of influence have buttressed my personal philosophy. I use the subsequent sub-sections to break these sources down: Personal Experience Organization Y takes the center stage when it comes to my personal experiences whereby a firm emphasis is put on the workers development alongside populace leadership. Organization Ys Chief Executive Officer has embraced a coach style of management whereby he is shaping leaders to accomplish preferred results of the organization. My perspective has undoubtedly been shaped as result of working in this organization in the last five years having observed a range of positive outcomes from managing through shaping alongside enhancing capabilities of individuals within the organization via a shared/participative style of leadership and management. Case Study: Organization Y Change Management My personal experience from working at Organization Y led me in documenting the latest massive organizational change for a case study. It has become proof that my perceptions about the significance of leaders in shaping managing change process is fundamentally dictated by my exposure to practices of change management at Organization Y. The change management journey is analyzed in the case study from marketing organization to the sales organization and presented identical circumstances to managing change theory along the way. A novel leader (Victor) with an undoubted strategic capabilities was appointed in the Organization Y internally to deliver the desired organizational outcome designed by the CEO. This was identical Nunes and Breenes (2011 p. 85) finding in their high-performing organizations study that initial inoculation of novel leadership is core to building capabilities essential for growth. Higgs and Rowland (2005 p. 126) similarly backed the leaders role in the process of change management by arguing that it can influence fundamentally on the changes success. They further added that the mindsets and beliefs of leaders have proved to influence orientation choices as well as approaches to problem-solving. This case study further demonstrated a positive influence on the process of managing change where change is adopted by everyone. Instead of evading change, high performing organizations recognize when change is inevitable to keep pace with times. They also tend to rethink their strategies as well as reinvent their models of operation long before incapacitating stalls ensure. The approach assumed by Organization Y for change management encompassed putting emphasis on organization edges alongside market; reshuffling executive team; and retention/maintenance of surplus talent with capacity for growth of novel businesses. I observed, as a worker in the Organization Y, substantial organizational growth within a short duration. The sales staff for instance, grew from 16 to 30 personnel within a single year. This organizational change influenced positively on the culture of Organization Y, its staff as well as level of inspiration or motivation of each staff. Albeit Victor embraced the director image- change manager image of control with change outcomes being accomplishable that never reinforced my personal philosophy, Victor acknowledged that successful inspiration and motivation of the change management team would effectively work in propelling change. This stood identical to idea of Kotter (2011 p. 93) on good leaders: because change remains a function of leadership ability to successfully inspire or motivate team remains imperative to thrive barriers. Reflecting back, were this change not been a strategy for growth and needed restructuring leading to employment loss, it is of extreme possibility that my personal perspective would have been adversely impacted. Organization Ys case thus presented me with an opportunity to view a director image differently. I subsequently acknowledged that director image is never always about people control and that a director lens is able to bring fundamental benefits to the process of managing change via its planned approach and focus (Hayes 2014). Guest Tutor The guest tutor (Mr. Smith) challenged my perspective of change management a great deal. He shared his experiences as the consultant working on MA as change management consultant. From his shared experienced, it remained clear to me that his practices and process were totally deprived of both human dignity and human element. Surely, it was my truth moment when I acknowledged the unforgiving realism of certain huge organizational change aftermaths. I subsequently interrogated whether I was able to be an agent of change heading the organizational change which might culminate in removal of barriers to change. Surprisingly, I am definitely barred by my moral conscious to some degree. A second guest tutor, on the contrary, Mr. Rolf painted a comprehensive humanistic image. Rolf argued that the director image is never an efficient strategy when managing change. Rather, shaping images of management including the Nurturer stood out. Rolf alluded to the philosophy that Semco Group has embrace in which active employment engagement and participation are the driving forces to successful change management. Rolf further referenced the 14 points for management highlighted by Deming to buttress his personal perspective that criticizes the director image. I greatly learned from Rolf as his perspective reflected my personal philosophy of managing change. Rolfs contribution was a reassurance as I heard him validating alternatives to director image approach and that removal of barriers is never always the appealing solution. From this learning experience, I saw a further relevance on the Rylatt (2010) quotation that held that a true leader is when a person exits the room their impacts still stays in the room. MBA Studies I simultaneously undertook change management and leadership; coaching and mentoring. The MBA studies surely had unwavering influence on my philosophy (personal) from standpoint of being a leader who is morally accountable. I was challenged to assume bravery to query the status quo. It was evident from our last session that large-scale layoff were never efficient except the survival of the organization remains at risk many options to redundancies exist. This additionally buttressed my philosophy of change management (Burke 2017). Albeit I recognized that not each change management initiatives leads to lay off, my assumptions of massive organizational change remain that it characteristically encompass MA were layoff seem to be solution of a great deal of CEO and board of directors (BOD). This was further affirmed by several group poster presentations we held in the 12th week of change management classes that reported layoff in massive organizational change case studies. The Reflected Best Self event was another fundamental opportunity that focused on Leadership; Coaching; and Mentoring. It greatly contributed towards my personal perspective pf change management as it assisted me in identifying my leadership capabilities alongside my leadership style. I unraveled that in working with the change management team, I tended to make individuals feel increasingly valued, supported as well as being at ease via my shared and collaborative leadership style (Kuipers, Higgs, Kickert, Tummers, Grandia, and Van der Voet 2014). I always engage full my team in the entire process of decision making as well as putting great significance on the development of my fellow team members both personally and professionally. I remained humbled by the realization that my team members acknowledged that I made the development of the team my top notch preference and that I genuinely cared for each member of my team. Against this backdrop, I have since related these qualities to the management coaching style. Reading and Theories I have read a range of texts and articles on change management as integral part of my study for the case study. This has since backed my personal perspective on the significance of leaders in outcome shaping with respect to massive change initiatives. Scholars like Higgs and Rowland (2005 p. 126) argued that the mindset and beliefs of a leader shall impact their strategies and approaches to change and its effective implementation (Cameron and Green 2015). Theorist including Kotter, Tushman and Nadler have argued that key to successful change management implementation is the central role played by leaders. I have as well drawn motivation and inspiration from such humanistic change management theories outlined in Graetz and Smith (2010 p. 138) that have clearly illustrated a desire amongst the leaders of the organization to query the status quo, surge risk-taking as well as ingenuity; and eliminate restrictions via effective information sharing and collaborative management teamwork (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). My Future Approach to Organizational Change Based on the implemented change management in Organization Y, I have since concluded the case study acknowledging that change management is most efficient with image of change management images. As a coach in this case, the CEO derived the best in change agent that embraced a director image approach to managing change to accomplish desire results. The coaching management style has positively impacted others during the course of professional working experience that I intend to uphold (Goetsch and Davis 2014). I recognized that a director image is useful in propelling massive organizational change. If I were in the Chief Executive Offices place, I might recruit somebody with required competencies to accomplish success. Conclusion My change management philosophy emphasizes managing change images bases that acknowledged 2 images of management (shaping against controlling) alongside 3 images of change results (intended, unintended and partially intended). I am a believer in intended change results for propelling change, with personal priority towards shaping tasks utilizing coaching image to guarantee human-dignity respect. I recognize that director image could as well propel success change results, however, it must be balanced with coach image to impact positive change outcomes for lasting gain of the organization and staff (Bolman and Deal 2017). I have not shifted my perspective over the course but various influential learning experience have reinforced my belief in responsible change management practice. I will always uphold shared and collaborative people-oriented management and leadership approach and draw lesson gained from a range of experiences to guarantee successful change for everyone. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burke, W.W., 2017. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Graetz, F. and Smith, A.C., 2010. Managing organizational change: A philosophies of change approach. Journal of change management, 10(2), pp.135-154. Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Higgs, M. and Rowland, D., 2005. All changes great and small: Exploring approaches to change and its leadership. Journal of change management, 5(2), pp.121-151. Kotter, J. 2001, What Leaders Really Do, Harvard Business Review, December 2001, pp 85-96. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 92(1), pp.1-20. Rylatt, A. 2010, Week 6 guest lecture, UTS.

Importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover Essay Essay Example

Importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover Essay Paper â€Å"Masquerading! A obscene usage to corrupt our young person. There’s something more in this than I imagine. † – Don Pedro Aphra Behn. the first female dramatist to gain a life through her authorship. was besides one of the wittiest and entertaining every bit evidenced through her most good known drama. The Rover. Set in seventeenth century Italy while under the colonial reign of Spain. a big dramatis personae of characters becomes embroiled in scenes of unfaithfulness. seduction. deceit. and luxuriant swordplay. which create tenseness and confusion in add-on to many comedic episodes. The scene is Carnival clip in Venice. which is of import to the secret plan for several grounds: the erosion of masks ( as was customary ) allows a freedom from normal restraints. there is frequently in the drama a error made in individualities. fortunes can ( and do ) happen which could neer otherwise happen. it allows for a fast gait to be maintained which keeps the witnesss involved. and finally. â€Å"confusion captures the spirit of the carnival† ( 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During carnival times category barriers came down with the rich mingling with the hapless. The tradition of have oning masks at carnival clip became necessary in order to protect the individualities of the rich ( 2 ) . This besides gave chances to move out in a mode far removed from their accustomed 1. By holding her female characters hidden behind masks. Behn is able to take them from their traditional functions as adult females and give them empowerment. In consequence. they can presume new personalities and take their suppressions or the otherwise usual yokes that have been cast on them by a male-dominated society. Hellena is the perfect illustration of one throwing off suppressions and uncovering her inner ego behind the pretense of a mask. Slated for the convent in an attempt by her male parent to consolidate the household fundss. she decides that this carnival will be the clip she finds a adult male – and she sets her sights on one as dare and quick-witted as herself. She is able to track him in different camouflages and at one point sets out to â€Å"vex† him for his maintaining with Angellica. She shows herself to be a strong. independent-thinking adult female in an age when adult females had few personal rights. The carnival scene is the vehicle that gives her the freedom to act in the mode she does. The carnival scene is besides the cause of misguided individualities. Because of this confusion Behn is able to foster the comedic and suspense elements. For illustration. Don Pedro is denied his chance with the lovely Angellica when his friend ( and his intended brother-in-law ) Don Antonio pays his offering to be with her. Don Pedro is further incensed by the fact that this is a rebuff against his sister. Florinda. which finally leads to the scene of a clip and topographic point for a affaire dhonneur. Of class. Don Antonio believes he is facing Belvile from his verbal exchange with Don Pedro. Ironically. when Belvile comes to the assistance of Don Antonio subsequently. he is charged with really making the offense of wounding him. Unwittingly. Don Antonio presses Belvile into contending for him against Don Pedro for the award of Florinda. Belvile’s love! This is one of many cases when the characters end up in entertaining state of affairss due to misidentify individuality. The errors made by the characters frequently mistaking each other has an added consequence of the audience holding to pay particularly close attending themselves to how the secret plan develops. Since all of the action occurs during Carnival ( particularly Venetian ) . the audience of course expects some sort of confusion and mayhem to happen. This helter-skelter environment keeps the gait quickened doing the carnival puting a natural pick for a Swift paced drama. Traditionally. carnivals of this sort â€Å"would take topographic point in the assorted Venetian plaza and would affect repasts of imported daintinesss. dance and amusement by jugglers. acrobats. etc. every bit good a efforts of strength or dare. performed by immature work forces. and normally ensuing in being plunged into the stop deading Waterss of the canal. † ( 2 ) . With the goings-on throughout the metropolis during Carnival. the drama ( as the witnesss expect ) would of course exhibit the same unprompted ambiance of merriment and celerity of motion that occur during carnivals. The drama is besides doing a forward statement for its clip and can because of the peculiar nature of the carnival. Through Hellena. Behn is talking for women’s equality. Hellena while disguised is as brave and vocal as any adult male of the period. She is able to move as work forces do – taking a mate as one would livestock. Another mute averment Behn makes is of the intervention of adult females who were non privileged. Repeated efforts at ravishing Florinda because the work forces thought she was of a lower station don’t put work forces in a good visible radiation. The attitudes of these work forces are that this is recognized pattern and tolerated in seventeenth century society. Undeniably. it would look as if they saw it as their right. Finally. while most work forces would look at Willmore’s high-handed attitude and behaviour with what one might name fear ( who wouldn’t want to be a daredevil? ) . his prevarication. craftiness. and philandering ways are non qualities that cause one to reflect. These things along with the women’s sexual audacity would do this drama to be denigrated in the following epoch. In decision. Behn’s pick to put the action of the drama in Venice during a carnival was appropriate to the subject. Indeed. one could reason that without the carnival as a background. Behn could non hold as efficaciously pulled off the character’s relationships and the myriad encounters about every bit good. The characters actions speak as much if non more than their words do and the velocity of the drama is determined by these actions. This could merely hold been achieved by the confusion and spontaneousness inherent in the nature of carnivals. Therefore. the importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover was paramount to the success of the drama.

Anemia Case Study Essays - Anemias, Mineral Deficiencies

Anemia Case Study Essays - Anemias, Mineral Deficiencies Running Head: Anemia Case Study Anemia Case Study Name: Institute: Date: Case Study #1 Ms. A has breathlessness, lethargy, light-headedness, tachycardia, tachypnea and hypotension. She is suffering with menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal for ten to twelve years and taking aspirin to relieve menstruation pain as well as to avoid joint stiffness while playing golf. Her laboratory values shows low Hemoglobin=8g/dl (Normal value 12-15.2gm/dl in female), Low Hematocrit = 32% (Normal value- 37-46% in female), low Erythrocyte count = 3.1x 10/m (Normal - 3.8-5.5 x 10/mm in female), Reticulocyte count = 1.5% (Normal 0.5-1.5%) and RBC smear shows microcytic and hypochromic cells (Saunders, 1999). Based on these observations, Ms.A is most likely having iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is also called iron poor blood. There are many types of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia in the world. Blood is unable to carry enough oxygen when there is anemia. Hemoglobin is an iron rich protein that gives red color to the blood. Iron is an essential substance for the synthesis of hemoglobin. The function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Pregnancy, heavy menstruation, ulcers, colon polyps, inherited disorders, colon cancer and inadequate intake of dietary iron are some causes of anemia. Some blood disorders like Thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and cancer also can lead to anemia (Anemia , 2011). Regular use of aspirin or other non steroidal antiinflamatory drugs like Ibuprofen can lead to anemia aswell.Microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells are seen in iron deficiency anemia. Dietary deficiency of iron and chronic blood loss are the two main causes of this type of anemia.Other causes are inability to absorb iron like in intestinal diseasessuch as celiac disease and intake of some medication that reduce the acid in the stomach. The signs and symptoms include tachycardia, dyspnea, palpitations, fatigue, pallor, mouth sorness especially on the corners of the mouth (Module 3 Readings). Anemia also can make the patient weak,cold and irritable. The doctor will diagnose iron deficiency anemia based on the medical history, physical exam and the results of the tests and procedures. There may be no signs and symptoms to mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia.Therefore,often this anemia is diagnosed during a screening test or when checking for other problems.Iron deficiency anemia usually develop over time.A simple blood test of complete blood count can diagnose the disease.Other tests used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia are reticulocyte count, peripheral smear and tests to measure the iron levels. This type of anemia can be succesfully treated and it depends on the cause and severity of the condition. Treatment includes dietary changes and iron suppliments.Iron therapy in injectable forms and blood transfusion are the tratment for severe iron deficiency anemia.If the iron deficiency is caused by bleeding, the cause has to be treated first.For example, a bleeding peptic ulcer may need antibiotics,other medications and even surgery.(Explore Iron- Deficiency Anemia, 2011). Ms.A shows most of the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. Her blood work is also indicating the same. Based on the circumstances and preliminary work up , Ms. A is most probably having Iron deficiency anemia. It seems there may be some different contributing factors to Ms. As circumstance. It would be beneficial to her if she were educated about supplements for the heavy menses, maintaining hydration and knowledge about dosage and risks of taking aspirin. Reference Anemia . (2011). Retrieved from Medline Plus: nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html Explore Iron- Deficiency Anemia. (2011). Retrieved from National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida/ Saunders, W. (1999). Normal Reference Range Table. Retrieved from http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/pathdemo/nrrt.htm

Using City Directories for Genealogy Research

Using City Directories for Genealogy Research For anyone researching ancestors in a city or larger community, standard genealogical resources often fall short. Newspapers generally mention only the influential, interesting or most newsworthy residents. Land records offer little help when researching renters. Census records dont tell the stories of individuals who moved multiple times between census years. Cities, however, offer an invaluable historical and genealogical resource not available to those of us researching rural ancestors- namely, city directories. City directories offer anyone conducting family history research in a city or large town a nearly annual census of city residents, as well as a window into the community in which they lived. Genealogists all know the value of placing an ancestor in a particular time and place, but city directories can also be used to follow an individuals occupation, place of employment, and place of residence, as well as potentially identify life events such as marriages and deaths. Looking beyond the names of your ancestors, city directories also provide invaluable insight into your ancestors community, often including sections on neighborhood churches, cemeteries, and hospitals, plus organizations, clubs, associations, and societies. Information Often Found in City Directories Name and occupation of head of household (often men and female widows; later single employed females)Name of spouse (often in parentheses following name of husband; mid to late 19th century)Sometimes the names of children, often only those employed outside the homeStreet name and house number of residenceOccupationWork address (if employed outside the home) Tips for Research in City Directories Abbreviations were often used in city directories to save printing space and costs. Locate (and make a copy) of the list of abbreviations, usually located near the front of the directory, to learn that n Fox St. indicates near Fox St., or that r means resides or, alternatively, rents. Properly translating the abbreviations used in a city directory is essential for correctly interpreting the information it contains. Dont miss the late listing of names received too late for inclusion in the alphabetical portion. This can usually be found located just before or after the alphabetical list of residents and may include people who had recently moved to the area (including those moving within the city limits), as well as individuals the canvasser missed on his initial visit. If youre lucky, you may find a separate list of individuals who migrated from the city (with their new location), or who died within the year. What If I Cant Find My Ancestor? Just who was included in a city directory was up to the discretion of that directorys publisher, and often varied from city to city, or over time. Generally, the earlier the directory, the less information it contains. The earliest directories may list only people of higher status, but directory publishers soon made the attempt to include everyone. Even then, however, not everyone was listed. Sometimes certain parts of town weren’t covered. Inclusion in a city directory was also voluntary (unlike a census), so some people may have chosen not to participate, or were missed because they werent home when the agents came calling. Make sure you have checked every available city directory for the time period when your ancestors were living in the area. People overlooked in one directory may be included in the next. Names were also often misspelled or standardized, so be sure to check name variations. If you can locate a street address for your family from a census, vital, or another record, then many directories also offer a street index. Where to Find City Directories Original and microfilmed city directories can be found in a variety of repositories, and an increasing number are being digitized and made available online. Many may be available either in original format or on microfilm in the library or historical society that covers that particular locality. Many state libraries and historical societies have large city directory collections as well. Major research libraries and archives such as the Library of Congress, Family History Library, and American Antiquarian Society also maintain large collections of microfilmed city directories, for locations across the United States. Over 12,000 city directories for cities across the United States, most from the collection of the Library of Congress, have been microfilmed by Primary Source Media as City Directories of the United States. Their online collection guide lists the cities and directory years included in the collection. The Family History Library Catalog also lists a large collection of city directories, most of which can be borrowed on microfilm for viewing at your local Family History Center. Where to Find Old City Directories Online A large number of city directories can be searched and viewed online, some for free and others as part of various subscription genealogy collections. Large Online City Directory Collections Ancestry.com has one of the largest online collections of city directories, with a focus on coverage between the 1880 and 1900 U.S. federal census, as well as 20th century data. Their U.S. City Directories collection (subscription) offers good search results, but for best results browse directly to the city of interest and then page through the available directories rather than relying on search. The City Directories collection online at subscription-based website Fold3, includes directories for thirty large metropolitan centers in twenty U.S. states. As with the collection at Ancestry.com, better results are achieved by browsing the directories manually rather than relying on search. The Historical Directories Searchable Library is a free website from the University of Leicester in England, with a nice collection of digitized reproductions of local and trade directories for England and Wales for the period 1750–1919. Additional Online Sources for City Directories A number of local and university libraries, state archives and other repositories have digitized city directories and made them available online. Use search terms such as city directory and [your locality name] to find them via your favorite search engine. A number of historical city directories can also be found through online sources for digitized books, such as Internet Archive, Haithi Digital Trust, and Google Books.

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE ONLINE WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE ONLINE WRITTEN - Assignment Example Hymon identified himself as a police officer and ordered the suspect to stop. The young man crouched at the fence ignored the officer's command and attempted to over the fence. While the suspect was going over the fence, the police officer fired at the suspect hitting him in the head. The burglary suspect was a fifteen-year-old named Edward Garner who consequently died as a result of the shooting. The officer who shot Garner was acting pursuant to the law of Tennessee and the Memphis police department policy. The Memphis police policy authorizes a police officer to use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing suspect. It provides that where all other means to apprehend that suspect have been exhausted. The police are taught to shoot to kill and not trained to shoot to wound, therefore, it is apparent that Garner's death was not accidental. Thereafter the suspect’s father brought a civil rights action against the Director of Police, the Memphis Police Department, the City, the mayor and officer Hymon. Legal point of issue The action was founded on the claim that when Hymon shot and killed Garners he violated his constitutional rights as under the fourth, eighth and fourteenth amendments. The other defendants in the case were enjoined in the suit on the basis that they failed to exercise due care in the employment, training, and supervision of officer Hymon and, therefore, they were equally responsible for Garners death. Decision of the court The court decided that the using deadly force to seize a fleeing and unarmed felon is unconstitutional as indicated by the mandates of fourth, eighth and fourteenth amendments. Additionally the court found that the rule of the fleeing felon does not violate the provisions of either the fourth or the eighth amendments. Reasoning of the court In arriving at its decision, the court reasoned that a police officer could arrest an individual if there is the probable reason that the individual has committed a crime. The fourth am endment does not make any provisions concerning how the seizure is made. The seizure should have a balance of the extent of intrusion as against the reasonableness of the manner the arrest is made. To determine the reasonability of an arrest, there must be a balance of both nature and the quality of the intrusion on the individuals interests as provided for by the fourth amendment against the importance of the interests of the government to justify the seizure. The court referred to the case of Michigan v summers where it was held that the key principles of the fourth amendment are balancing competing interests. Furthermore, the court found that reasonableness depends on when the arrest is made and how it is executed. In view of this and in light of the current case, the court found that irrespective of the probable cause to apprehend a suspect the officer apprehending the suspect must not always do so by killing him. The use of such deadly force by an officer in conducting an arres t is unmatched (Kevin, Rick, & Betsy 2007). The fundamental interest of the suspect is his life and the use of lethal force in effecting an arrest frustrates the interest of the individual (Gino 2003). The use of lethal force also frustrates the interest of the society in judicially determining the guilt of the suspect and

Applied Business Research-week 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Business Research-week 4 - Assignment Example Managers will not stop talking and researching about happiness at workplace for they understand that their clients will get satisfactory services, hence improving the corporation’s sales as happiness possessed by the workforce will effortlessly manipulate customers’ loyalty toward their products. Finally, get assured that many individuals have understood the importance happiness in workplace while others are yet to encounter its significance. Therefore, the talk about happiness will continue. In the article, the authors strive to define positive psychology as scientifically informed acuity on what make life worth living. The writers also tried to elucidate the derivation of positive psychology as they believe that it originated from Maslow book called motivational and personality of 1954. It was hypothesized in 1998 by Martin Seligman who realized that positive psychology has left out two things; helping people to live a productive and fulfilling lives and also nurture high aptitudes (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Positive psychology is anticipated to grow steadily and thus helping psychologist to better understand the society and thus using this new branch of psychology in resolving problems confronting humankind. The authors have also exposed how positive psychology is skillful at shaping vital conceptions to be used by individuals in asphyxiating impending problems. In conclusion, the authors have emphasized that people should synthesize on positive and negative life factors that they face in their daily lives thus using them to live a praiseworthy life. Employee morale significantly relate in fostering happiness in the workplace. Morale, certainly, is something that cannot be bought, but is attained within the working surroundings of an individual. Therefore, the same environment must be capable of providing opportunities where one is trusted, valued and respected. This is

Women Empowerment Essay Example for Free

Women Empowerment Essay â€Å"There is no chance of the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing.† Swami Vivekananda The most significant and longest social movement continuing is movement for emancipation of women. Though the primary goal for women empowerment is to improve the quality of life of women but it has also deep ramifications in social, economic and political scenario of body polity. The media through its reach to people at large has been instrumental though not to the extent desired in supporting the movement for women emancipation by focusing neglect and marginalization of the position of the women in society. It sounds intriguing how from a highly dignified position in India’s mythic history, the woman in India has been relegated to a secondary position. The vested interests of the ruling elite and the male lobby influenced by alien cultures legitimised woman as an individual of little consequence. It would be a sad commentary on the subordinate role of women in India when woman is ideally viewed as Shakti (Power), the origin of power itself but in reality found as helpless, hapless woman without any identity except that of a wife, or the mother who has very little voice in decision making and has very little by way of her own basic choice. Although discrimination against and exploitation of women are global phenomena, their consequences are more tragic in the some parts of the globe particularly in under developed countries where, ignorance, deprivation of the basic * Address by Mr. Justice G.N. Ray, Chairman, Press Council of India at the inauguration session of National Press Day on November 16, 2008 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. 2 necessities of life, and the ever-growing pressure of transition from tradition to modernity- all combine to aggravate the inequalities that women suffer to a point at which their existence is reduced to a continuous battle for survival. Improving the status of women is regarded as the key to narrowing the gender gap and achieving a better quality of life. Women are under great social control and scrutiny which has restricted what they can say and where and to whom. Cultural moves in almost every social set-up determine women’s socialization in no uncertain terms. This has an important bearing on their ability to communicate and express their thoughts. To discuss women empowerment it is necessary to deal with the present situation of women in India. I would like to briefly discuss certain key aspects related to the women which media should adequately cover and facilitate the process of empowerment of women. Gender Inequality A vast majority of Indian women work through out their lives but the fact is that it is not officially recognized. Statistics on work force shows low figure of women workers. There is a serious underestimation of women’s contribution as workers even though when given a chance they have convincingly proved their ability. Women’s workforce participation the percentage of adult women who are actually working is accepted indicator of women’s status and component of the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) used in GNDP Human Development Reports. According to a survey conducted by NCW covering over 1200 women in both organized and unorganized sector it has been found that 50% experienced gender discrimination by way of physical and mental harassment of women at work. The survey reported discrimination not only in salary but also in promotions, work distribution and working hours. Promoting gender equality was identified by the Government as priority strategic goal for the UN System in3 India under UN Development Assistance Framework. We should not forget that Gender Equality is not just a women’s issue. It is an issue for the nation. Wage discrimination Women generally earn a far lower wage than men doing the same work. In no state in India women and men earn equal wage in agriculture. This is equally applicable to other areas of works such as mining, trade, transport services etc. In the various work sectors average wages earned by male is more than the wages earned by female. I would emphasize on the findings of UNDP which were published as Human Development Report concerning gender equality. It says: â€Å"Women’s work is greatly undervalued in economic term. The value of household and community work transcends market value.† The media can certainly bring some of these biases in to light. Specially, women journalists must take up this cause. The Indian constitution makes it mandatory to give equal protection to every citizen. Thus sympathetic media, judiciary and executive should stand for this together. Reform movement too is necessary in this regard. Crime against women The soaring crime rates and violence against women in the country reflects women as weaker sex who are being dominated and exploited. They face violence inside and outside the family throughout their lives. The Crime Record Bureau of India’s website shows that in the year 2006 (latest data available on website) total crime reported against women was 1, 91731. Police record shows that a woman is molested in the country every 20 minutes; a rape occurs every 34 minutes and every 43 minutes an incident of sexual harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes a woman is kidnapped and every 93 minutes, a woman is killed.4 Before empowerment of women can be achieved it is necessary to enable women to give voice to their experience, their sufferings, and for society to understand them as human being and respond to them with sensitivity. Under Representation in important position Women are under represented in governance and decision making positions. At present women represent approximately 8-9% of Parliamentary seats and less than 6% of cabinet positions. Less than 4% seats in High Courts and Supreme Courts are occupied by women. Less than 3% of administrators are women. Health Millions of Indian women simply lack the freedom to go out of the house in search of health services they need. According to National Health Survey – 2 only 52% women in India are not even consulted on decision about their own health. The antenatal and postnatal care are beyond the reach of many Indian women. The National Health Survey – 2 estimate mentions that some 1,00,000 to 1,20,000 women die every year due to pregnancy related causes. In some States death rate is quite high and alarming. The rate in India is quite higher than the maternal mortality rate surveyed in Cuba, China, Srilanka and Vietnam. The majority of women go through life in state of nutritional stress. They are anemic and malnourished. Girls and women face discrimination within the family; eating last and least. Gap on Male-Female Ratio Men out number women in India, unlike in many countries where the case is otherwise. The main cause of the gap in the male female ratio is prevailing practice of female fetus killing specially high in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. In these states, the ratio is shockingly low as compared to other Indian states. Female infant mortality rates are higher than male infant 5 mortality rates. Sample Registration System (2000) reveals that female infant mortality rate is 74 per 1000 live birth. The mass media needs to focus on this health issue of women. The various scheme incorporated by the govt. requires wider coverage so that women especially from economically weaker section can be benefitted from them. Women Education Education of women enables them to set their own priorities, seek knowledge and information to make their informed choices. The literacy rate among women continues to be lower than those for men. As per data of 2004-2005 available with the National Sample Survey, literacy rate per 1000 amongst rural women is approximately 450 and amongst urban female is almost 700. If we view overall position, there has been a positive development and female literacy rate has gone up 50% as per the National Sample Survey 1997 report. Despite this progress more than 245 million Indian women can not read and write. Only 50% of Indian women are literate as compared to 65.5% of men. Far fewer girls than boys go to school. Even if they are enrolled, many of the girl students drop out of the school. The female adult literacy rate in Malaysia, Srilanka, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia is more than 70% and higher than that in India. Media’s Role in empowerment of women in India Communication is extremely important for women’s development and mass media play significant role. It is to be noted that growth of women’s education and their entry into employment have contributed to the growth of media. In all spheres of life whether for controlling population growth, spread of literacy or improving quality of life for vast masses, women have crucial role to play. However, women can be expected to play this role when they become conscious of their strength and are not deliberately marginalised by male domination. In this context, media has an important role to play – to create awakening in women to achieve their potential as the prime movers of change in society. In today’s world, print and electronic media play a vital role in effectively conveying message that needs to be conveyed. Portrayal of women by the Media By and large the media scene in India is that media does not address serious issues about exploitation and inequal treatment to women in different spheres but is keen in reporting sex related incidents by way of sensationalizing news of atrocities on women. Thus instead of highlighting the exploitation of woman they end up becoming one of the reasons in increase of violence as their coverage more often than not tend to glorify the crime against women. It is true that media has brought to light, as never before, certain misdemeanours against women but in a very subtle manner it also perpetuated the stereotyped image of woman as a householder and an inconsequential entity in the traditional value system. Generally, women’s problems never figure on the front page of a newspaper unless it is a gruesome murder or a case of rape. Newspapers even on women’s page does not usually address relevant issues for women empowerment but reporting is concerned with beauty tips recipes, fashion syndrome etc. 7 It is unfortunate that there is lack of sensitivity among the newspapers in general to women and their problems. I would like to refer to the Study conducted by the Media Advocacy Group viz. â€Å"Violence against Women: Media Coverage and Representation†. The Media Advocacy Group made the following recommendations on reporting violence against the women. (i) Media needs to take an extended, broader view of crimes against women. It has to be instrumental in conducting a social audit on factors responsible for increasing crimes, particularly against women and children, including indifferent investigative procedures, miscarriage of justice, and growing social impunity of the perpetrators of crime. (ii) It also has to be instrumental in creating an awareness among civil society of the causes and nature of the crime itself, and of the preventive measures. (iii) When treating these issues, media has to be extremely factual and empirical. The study also stated that the only regulation that governs a sensitive reporting on this issue is that the rape victim’s name should not be disclosed. Barring this, the study found that everything else is graphically reported. Often the victim’s family name and address is cited, making a mockery in the letter and spirit of the regulation. Though much of this violation and malpractice are committed by a small group of publications, others are spurred on to imitate and keep pace with the sensational trend. Therefore, I urge the media to take a serious look on the issue and do self-regulation and self-monitoring with extreme care and caution. Aarushi murder case is another prime example of irresponsible and sensational reporting by the Media. The gruesome murder of a teenage girl for days have been the sound basis of increased TRPs of the News Channels. The media both electronic and print are morally and legally bound to avoid sensationalisation of news relating to victims of crimes. The Press Council of 8 India had already drawn guidelines on the subject and appeals to media to follow them meticulously while reporting atrocities on women/child. It is important for me to refer at this point of time to, also an important issue that greatly and gravely impacts women in overt as well as covert manner, the HIV/AIDS reportage by the media. The Press Council had focused on the issue way back in 1993 when the AIDS was treated as an incurable ‘epidemic’ and anyone who contacted it was pariah. The prime sufferers of such ostracization were the women, being treated as an important cause and carrier of the so-called des ease. Much water has flown down the ganges, since then and with medical advances, it has become necessary for the media to focus on the issue with not just a proactive but positive approach. Therefore, the Press Council has in consultation with the UNDP and the activists of the field redrawn the guidelines for media reportage that find place in the souvenir that is to be shortly released. I hope that guidelines, in the form of easy to refer ‘Dos’ and Don’ts’ and detailed ones for indepth understanding of the issue, will find place on the desk of every media person and their coverage of the HIV/AIDS stories will help the world handle the issue with greater sensitivity. Limited coverage in Media Newspapers cover women’s problems drawing the attention of policymakers to issues requiring immediate attention such as the adverse sex ratio, infant and maternal mortality, crime against women and the effects of poverty on women and their families. But this coverage is very limited with the rest of the space occupied by cinema actresses, models, video jockeys (veejays) and the rich women and their hobbies. Many of the women’s magazines are devoted to fashion, glamour, beauty aids, weight reduction, cookery and how to sharpen ‘feminine instincts’ to keep men and their inlaws happy. There are comparatively fewer articles on career opportunities, health awareness, entrepreneurship, legal aid, counseling services, childcare9 services and financial management. A study in this regard was conducted in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Two regional newspapers and two English newspapers were selected for the study. Prominent newspapers only publish 5% of women related issues and 8% are published on main page and remaining are placed inside. Study showed no importance is given to development issues of women. In the television serials women are the central characters, but they are portrayed largely as tormentors or the victims while the men very often take sideline and just seem caught in a web of unfavourable circumstances. Television culture has portrayed a breed of weak, indecisive men ensnared by sexy women when in reality men also play an active role in oppressing women in various ways including subjecting them to physical assault, rape, pushing them into the sex trade and even abandoning them. It is only desirable that serials should be close to reality and give message to the viewers where and how the society is going wrong. This portrayal of women in media has led the National Commission for Women to recommend amendment in the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition Act), 1986. The NCW wants to include new technologies like MMS and the electronic media and some which were left out side the ambit of the Act like posters and TV serials which perpetuate stereotypes of women. Explaining the reason for including soaps in proposed amendment in the Act, National Commission for Women has stated that â€Å"women are either being portrayed as Sita (Ramayana) or as Kaikayee (Ramayana) and there seems to be nothing in between the two extreme characters being shown in Soaps. Divorces, adultery are highlighted frequently in Soaps where characters break the law without repercussion.† Negative images or just portraying reality is not enough. Infact, it can often be harmful. It has been observed that sheer duplication of the dark side of life can often lead to apathy and passivity. This can be avoided by10 depicting the positive images or success stories of women in whatever sphere they happen. There is need to produce programmes that talk about income generating schemes for women. Unfortunately, in these kinds of ventures typical â€Å"womanly jobs† like papad-making, sewing, embroidery, pickles making etc. are propagated. Stress should be given on non-traditional skills which can break the myth that women are suited to certain kinds of jobs only. A systematic survey of the existing schemes (Government/nonGovernment) and presentation of the analysis and changes needed to upgrade the schemes which would make them more purposeful is essential. The distance between women and media not only deprives the women of their right to information and knowledge but also keeps the women in the dark regarding the blatant misuse of the female and the distortion of the truth. Although the images of women as reflected by the different mass media in the country are not very different, it will be an interesting exercise to study how these images feed and reinforce the stereotypes. The distortion of realities by the media has increased the gap of understanding between the different sections of society. Effective informative communication is one of the most important channels for the growth and development of women in the informal or unorganized sector, as without information regarding services and benefits available through legislation, government schemes, banks and voluntary organizations, women can hardly take advantage of them. Thus the media should take into consideration the following points. (i) The media must project the working women in the unorganized sector as worker and not merely as performing the duties of wife/daughter. They being major earners, they must be projected as producers and not merely consumers.11 (ii) The media should make deliberate attempts to not only project the problems of women in poverty, but should monitor in such a way that conflicting role models are not depicted, nor derogatory references to their work are made. (iii) To improve content and coverage, coordinated efforts for increased interaction between NGO’s, women’s social action group, research organizations, institutes of mass communication, and the media personnel should be developed. There are quite a few Reports findings on the complex issues relating to women empowerment. Very often the media come up with study on women related subjects which more often than not are driven by market forces. One study claims that women prefer men with hybrid cars while another says women are genetically devised to shop. Then there is a study which says women are more attracted to bad boy types. This reveals that women have become new research subject mostly in less significant areas. In fact, research is necessary to understand women in its potentiality to usher in a new era. It is difficult to distinguish between genuine research and studies that are gimmicks more so when news reports do not identify where these studies are coming from. A large proportion of the research findings published in major news outlets today is sensationally packaged to draw attention. This is where the media must step in to help readers to know relevant facts concerning women empowerment. It will be only appropriate if in the interests of full disclosure, they should make clear in their reports who was funding the study and which scientific journal published it. This information can help readers to decide for themselves which pieces of research are closer to the truth and which are not. Various studies were undertaken on the women and media to ascertain how the media portrays women and how the women related issues are presented, how much significance is given to them. Such study has revealed that issues pertaining12 to development of women are never emphasized adequately. Women are portrayed not for feminine beauty and artistic portrayal but for infusing sex appeal more often than not entering the arena of obscenity. It is necessary to have dispassionate in-depth study by social activists and media to ascertain why obscenity has risen so much in media. Unless there is any change in the social perception of women, it will be difficult to curtail obscenity in media. Women Journalist in Media In such a rapidly changing environment, women in media have a large responsibility in not only changing attitude towards women but also shaping public opinion. With women holding responsible position in newspapers or electronic media, their competency should extend to a wider area and a range of issues. More importantly, a woman journalist is expected to show more sensitivity to issues relating to women and to more meaningful insights and perspectives. Like most professions, in the media too, women have struck out boldly, beating a path, which is both impressive and inspiring. The last five years have seen them pouring out into the mainstream, acquiring hitherto unattainable positions and proving their mettle, be it the print or the television media. In short, women have become indispensable in the field. Women’s organizations and media groups must play an active role in promoting this change. It is heartening that a wide variety of women’s media initiatives are making a positive impact. Women have been latecomers in media profession owing to social, religious taboos which operated as social sanctions. The employment of women in media assumes crucial importance at this juncture of our economic development. Beside Independent Public Corporation of Media (DDAIR),13 the private owners of TV channels with ownership of Terrestrial outlets and satellite up linking facilities in country itself have flourished. This has brought a boom in employment thereby increasing the percentage of women media professionals. The rough estimates however show that although the number of women in both the media has increased in absolute terms, their ratio to men has more or less remained static. A deliberate policy for ensuring adequate representation of women both in the public and private sectors of the media is therefore a must, not only for giving women a source of livelihood but also to ensure their adequate and effective representation, and to make the media truly national and representative in character. A significant number of women journalists are very successful in magazines dealing with various problems of women and child. With sensitivity and skill for analyzing events in depth, issues such as women abuse and exploitation, harassment of women at workplace and the trauma of HIV infected women, female infanticide in rural areas find a prominent place in such magazines. The magazines deal with the issues more in depth compared to newspapers and women are considered competent to handle such stories. As per a study in the NCR there are around 900 women journalists and even in cities like Chennai the number is impressive 200. Journalism is no more a male domain. This new trend has also led to a change in the portrayal of women in the media in general and newspaper in particular. It will not be out of context to mention here the success of ‘Khabar Lahariya’. A group of eight women belonging to backward class bring out this paper from the Bundelkhand region. This paper which is being funded by an NGO was started with an aim to encourage women to fight for their own rights. such kind of initiative are required in every nook and corner of our country, so as to empower the women at grass root level. The risks women in the media face, both in the urban and rural areas, have also to be seriously considered. As we move down, from the14 metropolitan towns and the state capitals, the risks increase. At the district and taluk levels, from where the bulk of the print media is published, and which are more news-worthy places for the local and regional news contents, there is more conservation, more rigid social outlook and greater resistance to social change and new trends. In these areas women join new professions like journalism sparingly. In remoter rural areas a woman journalist and particularly a reporter is a novelty not easily accepted and assimilated in the social milieu. The result is media women have to work almost in isolation particularly at the ground levels, if they are at all employed. The cases of sexual assault and harassment of women reporters are very often reported. Women in such cases have to take a calculated risk in joining the profession. Odd hours of job make the women journalists vulnerable. Recent murder of Ms. Soumya Vishwanathan, Producer of News TV channel in Delhi shows women journalist workers are more exposed to the risk of physical assault, even their life. It is noticed that more and more young graduates are joining the journalism degree and diploma courses, with an ambition to make a mark in the profession, and quite a good proportion of them are girls. With the rapid expansion, almost a proliferation of the electronic media through satellite channels, with the popularity of the FM on the radio and with the growth of the print media, notwithstanding the electronic media, now there is a good scope for absorption of both men and women qualified journalists in various media outlets. Women, young and old, are prepared to weather the risks. The society, therefore, must make arrangements to provide adequate security to the vulnerable section of women in the media to promote their participation at all levels. I find extremely appropriate here to refer to the recommendations made by the Joshi Committee regarding positive portrayal of women on Doordarshan. But these recommendations are equally relevant to all form of media. These recommendations, if followed in letter and spirit would certainly 15 go in long way in enhancement of women’s empowerment and facilitate drastic reduction in cultural biases as well as gender biases. They are 1. The women’s issue one of the utmost significance to the country as a whole and there is need for a widespread understanding that the nation cannot progress, as long as women are left behind as the lesser half of society. Therefore, the improvement of women’s conditions, status and image must be defined to be a major objective for media channels. 2. The Government must at the earliest formulate clear guidelines regarding the positive portrayal of women on television. This portrayal must take note of women in all facts of their lives: as workers and significant contributions to family survival and the national economy: it must further endeavour to integrate women on terms of equality in all sectors of national life and the development process. These guidelines must emphasis that the â€Å"women’s dimension† must from an integral part of all programmes and not be merely confined to Women’s Programmes, nor to isolated attempts to discuss women’s issues. 3. The number of commercial formula films screened must be drastically reduced, the cheap song-and-dance sequence totally eliminated and the content of such programmes carefully scrutinized in terms of their portrayal of women. 4. Women must not be portrayed in stereotyped images that emphasis passive, submissive qualities and encourage them to play a subordinate secondary role in the family and society. Both men and women should be portrayed in ways that encourage mutual respect and a spirit of give and take between the sexes. 5. The foreign exchange resource should be spent on importing worthwhile educative programmes, particularly those that show the roles, lives and struggles of women in neighbouring and other Third World countries so that a greater understanding and a shared perspective on problems is built. 16 6. It is necessary to ensure that a large number of rural women gain access to TV. Therefore, in the placement of community TV sets preference should be given to the meeting place of Mandals; Mahila Mandals should also be involved in the community viewing arrangement.† Everywhere the media has the potential to make a far greater contribution to the advancement of women. They can create self-regulatory mechanisms that can help to eliminate misleading and improper gender based programming. Media, which wields immense power in a democracy a power which is only expanding and not diminishing, needs carrying out a focused attention about women- related issues and the portrayal of women. It is, perhaps, necessary that the stabilizing force of women must be brought home to the Indian people. In every family and society, there is an ethical and spiritual space, which has been traditionally dominated by women. The principal character in Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion bemoans, ‘why can’t woman be like man!’ The media can play a salutary and a liberating role to give to the women the distinctive and the exclusive space, which must belong to them to enable them to generate the ethical and moralizing impulses for the entire society. The subject Women and Media is quite relevant in the present day context. From this platform the discussion on the subject is being initiated. The debate on this issue is being proposed to be discussed at the State level and the Press Council is keen that seminars and workshops on this subject are organised at different States and at different levels. I sincerely hope that this initiative will be fruitful. Let this beginning be auspicious (Aiomaramba Subhaya Bhabatu).

Integrating Students with Exceptionalities Essay -- Education

The delivery of education for students with exceptionalities has evolved from complete segregation to the provision of education within regular classes (Andrews & Lupart, 2000). Integration will be successful if the necessary supports and services are in place within the education system. Regrettably, the public special education system currently in use in Ontario is not meeting the needs of integrating students with exceptionalities in regular class settings. Even now, many educators believe that segregation of students with disabilities is justified and not prejudiced (Valeo, 2009). To abolish segregation from the Ontario public school system there is a definite need for strategies. Although there are challenges, there are numerous methods to promote inclusion through integration of exceptional students to include them in standard curriculum classrooms. One of the challenges that Ontario school professionals face is the amalgamation of regular and special education. This integrated system values, supports individual differences, and works in response to the various strengths, challenges, and experiences of all students. (Andrews & Lupart, 2000). The most debated issue for school professionals and advocates is whether a unified system provides students with better opportunities to learn. The reason for this debate is that school professional question if this type of system will diminish options for exceptional students to receive the individually adapted instruction them (Boscardin, 2005). The goal of inclusion through integration is to make available instructional strategies that effectively produce acceptable educational results for exceptional students, and can be implemented in a manner promoting inclusion. Educators must a... .... (2000). The Inclusive Classroom: Educating Exceptional Children. Scarborough: Nelson Thomson Learning. Boscardin, M. L. (2005). The administrative role in transforming secondary schools to support inclusive evedence based practices (Vol. 33). American Secondary Education. Dixon, S. (2005). Inclusion - Not Segregation or Integration Is Where a Student with Special Needs Belonds. The Journal of Educational Thought, 33-53. Harpell, J. V., & Andrews, J. (2010). Administrative Leadership in the Age of Inclusion: Promoting Best Practices and Teacher Empowerment. The Journal of Educational Thought, 189-210. Tomlinson, C. (2001). How to differentiate instruction in mixed ability classrooms . Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum. Valeo, A. (2009). Education’s enduring prejudices: disability at the door. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Philip Larkin

Philip Larkin Philip Larkin, is a famous writer in postwar Great Britain, was commonly referred to as â€Å"England's other Poet Laureate† until his death in 1985. Indeed, when the position of laureate became vacant in 1984, many poets and critics favored Larkin's appointment, but the shy, provincial author preferred to avoid the limelight. Larkin achieved acclaim on the strength of an extremely small body of work, just over one hundred pages of poetry in four slender volumes that appeared at almost decade-long intervals. Although Larkin can be cynical and disappointed in tone these qualities are not characteristic of all his poetry.It is more accurate to say he takes a realistic and unromantic approach to life which is evident in his poems. In contrast, all his poetry shows a genuine sensitivity to others, and an awareness and sympathy of their life experiences. Church going is one of his most cynical poems. Even the title is cynical. † Church going† can mean goin g to church, or the fact that in his opinion the church is disappearing. 1st line is cynical. Larkin only goes in when nothing is going on, but in his opinion nothing important is ever going on in a church.Shows his disdainful attitude to church with phrases such as † another church† â€Å"little books† † some brass and stuff up the holy end† He is disrespectful, uncaring to church. He pronounces † Here endeth† and â€Å"echoes snigger loudly† Larkin is making fun of church and mocking it. But later in poem shows his sensitivity and understanding that men have an innate need to believe in something greater than themselves, and churches fulfill this need † A serious house on serious earth it is â€Å"and † Since someone to this ground†Although he atheist is sensitive to needs of others, and even empathies with others' feelings to some extent. In â€Å"Whitsun Weddings†. Larkin begins with very an everyday dis appointment, as he is â€Å"I was late getting away† for the weekend on the train. This shows Larkin’s very realistic perspective, down to earth problem. He then comments on his disappointment at man's ruination of the landscape, with observations such as † canals with floating of industrial froth† and â€Å"A hothouse flashed uniquely: hedges dipped and rose† the landscape is squalid and decaying because of man.When train reaches town it is nondescript† with acres of dismantled cars† Larkin than to his disappointment becomes cynicism when he starts to take notice of the people he can see rather than landscape. Brides are â€Å"parodies of fashion† who â€Å"survived † their wedding ceremonies. The whole concept of these country weddings is â€Å"wholly farcical† with â€Å"nylon gloves and jewellery-substitutes†, and â€Å"bunting-dressed coach-party annexes†. But he loses this cynicism to recognize mom entous power of love, marriage and commitment † Stood ready to be loosed with all the power.That being changed can give. This illustrates his sensitivity to the huge emotional significance of this day to the newly weds. He continues to display his sensitivity to power of love in final image of † like an arrow-shower†. Here his sensitivity can be seen as slightly tinged with cynicism in final words † somewhere becoming rain† love can decay and deteriorate until it becomes rain, not joy. â€Å"At Grass† can be read as Larkin being cynical about how horses are just forgotten when they are retired and no longer racing, but in final analysis Larkin seems think they happier now than before.Certainly right through poem Larkin shows remarkable sensitivity to horses plight † till wind distresses tail and mane†. With one â€Å"the other seeming to look on † the other. Really identifies with them † Do memories plague their ears like flies? † But he concludes â€Å"They shake their heads† – in contrast to being disappointed that they are forgotten and left alone now, rather than â€Å"fabled† as they were 15 years ago, when they were feted with â€Å"long cry† and reporters rushed to write headlines about them, they now † stand at ease, or gallop for what must be joy†.Larkin's sensitivity and empathy for horses mean he drops his cynicism and disappointment at their fate, and realizes they are happy. The poem â€Å"ambulances† takes a realistic view of the inevitability of death, and the pain it causes for the victim and family/friends. â€Å"All streets in time are visited† by ambulances, and death. The victim has â€Å"A wild white face that overtops† This is the effect of the fear that comes to us all in face of death. There is a sense of disappointment and pessimism in this poem, and cynicism that what we think is so important is useless when faced with death.As Larkin says all the activities we are so busy with in life, and think are so important are really meaningless â€Å"sense the solving emptiness that lies just under all we do† Only when faced with death do we appreciate the emptiness/meaninglessness of our lives, and the futility of all we do when it is inevitably going to end in our death † And for a second get it whole ,So permanent and blank and true† In stanza 4. Larkin shows sensitivity to feelings of those involved † the sudden shot of loss†.And † From the exchange of love to lie Unreachable insided a room†. Tone changes again to futility of life as it is just a rush bringing us † Brings closer what is left to come† and â€Å"dulls to distance all we are†. â€Å"Cut grass† is similar in theme to â€Å"Ambulances† Death is inevitable and unavoidable. But his use of onomatopoeia connects reader to the grass, and evokes our sympathy, and in this way Larkin again shows sensitivity, even to inanimate things. And although theme is pessimistic, poem ends positively.Recognition that despite individual death time continues to pass and life goes on. While in many poems Larkin is cynical and disappointed about life, he is always sensitive to sufferings and feelings of others. He is characteristically coldly realistic about life and death, and while this sometimes develops into feelings of disappointment, cynicism and pessimism, he is open to seeing joy, meaning and hope in life too. This is what makes you as the reader so vunriable to his poetry because it is so realistic and touching your everyday emotions.